S\u1ee5n ch\u00eam c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a kh\u1edbp, gi\u00fap d\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch kh\u1edbp v\u00e0 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kh\u1edbp. Khi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c g\u1ea5p g\u1ed1i, c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ea7n l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u00e2m ch\u00e0y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 khi du\u1ed7i g\u1ed1i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
S\u1ee5n ch\u00eam l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ee5n s\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ec7m \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u1ed3i c\u1ea7u x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i v\u00e0 m\u00e2m ch\u00e0y. T\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam b\u00ean trong g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u1ea5p 9 l\u1ea7n. Khi m\u1edbi t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam, kh\u00e1m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
Quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y cho r\u1eb1ng r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam<\/a> kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 li\u1ec1n, n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed5 b\u1ecf v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed5 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/a> t\u1ed1t. Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e2u ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i soi ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u1eaft s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam.<\/p>\n – V\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u00e1ch: s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch \u1edf s\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1eebng sau hay r\u00e1ch \u1edf th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n – \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam: d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan s\u00e1t l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, Trillat A. (1962) chia r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam th\u00e0nh ba d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n + \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e1ch d\u1ecdc theo th\u00e2n s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam: \u1edf d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i hay ng\u1eafn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e1ch h\u1ebft b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y hay ch\u1ec9 r\u00e1ch n\u00f4ng<\/p>\n + R\u00e1ch ngang hay r\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam<\/p>\n + R\u00e1ch d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ee3t: l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e1ch tr\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ee3t di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do trong kh\u1edbp g\u00e2y n\u00ean k\u1eb9t kh\u1edbp.<\/p>\n – Th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p: r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u1ee9t d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o<\/a> tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng b\u00ean<\/a> trong v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng<\/strong><\/p>\n + \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ngay sau khi b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u1edf khe kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i, s\u01b0ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n + B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp t\u1ec5nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u01b0ng n\u1ec1 \u1edf kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i sau c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111au trong g\u1ed1i v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1eb9t kh\u1edbp.<\/p>\n + B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1edbp, k\u1eb9t kh\u1edbp nh\u01b0 sau: khi \u0111ang \u0111i, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5y kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i b\u1ecb m\u1eafc c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p, du\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i ngh\u1ec9 2 \u2013 3 ph\u00fat, xoa t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t kh\u1edbp t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n. S\u1ee5n ch\u00eam m\u1edbi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n k\u1eb9t kh\u1edbp \u00edt h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian k\u1eb9t l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n k\u1eb9t kh\u1edbp c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ean nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian k\u1eb9t l\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn \u0111i. B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n l\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 leo thang g\u00e1c, kh\u00f3 ng\u1ed3i x\u1ed5m.<\/p>\n + R\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam m\u1edbi: kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i s\u01b0ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n d\u1ecbch m\u00e1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eb9. Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n + R\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam c\u0169: kh\u00e1m th\u1ea5y teo c\u01a1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f9i, c\u00e0ng l\u00e2u c\u00e0ng teo r\u00f5, kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u00e0n d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n + \u1ea4n v\u00e0o khe kh\u1edbp \u1edf ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng b\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111au ch\u00f3i.<\/p>\n + Nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p Steimann: b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m ng\u1eeda, g\u1ed1i g\u1ea5p, h\u00e1ng g\u1ea5p, xoay c\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o trong v\u00e0 ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au t\u1ea1i kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i. Khi xoay ra ngo\u00e0i th\u1ea5y \u0111au ch\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam trong, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i khi xoay v\u00e0o trong th\u1ea5y \u0111au ch\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam ngo\u00e0i<\/p>\n + Nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p Apley: b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m s\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i g\u1ea5p 90 \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u00e9p m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u00e9p x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh xoay x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong ho\u1eb7c ra ngo\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu \u0111au t\u1ea1i kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i, nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n + Nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p Mc Murray: b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m ng\u1eeda, g\u1ed1i g\u1ea5p, h\u00e1ng g\u1ea5p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m m\u1ed9t tay n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o khe kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i trong, tay kia n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n gi\u1eef \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf xoay ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb du\u1ed7i g\u1ed1i. Khi s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam trong b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u201cl\u1eadt kh\u1eadt\u201d \u1edf ng\u00f3n tay<\/a> c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o khe kh\u1edbp b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y \u0111au ch\u00f3i. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec gi\u1eef b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf xoay trong v\u00e0 l\u00e0m thao t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n C\u1eadn l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng<\/strong><\/p>\n + D\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng m\u1ee1 Hoffa ph\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i do ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd: tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1edbp tho\u00e1ng qua khi \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111au \u1edf hai b\u00ean g\u00e2n b\u00e1nh ch\u00e8<\/p>\n + T\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng b\u00ean: l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u00e1 kh\u1edbp b\u00ean trong ho\u1eb7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh<\/p>\n + T\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o: l\u00e0m c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ng\u0103n k\u00e9o d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n K\u1eb9t kh\u1edbp do r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam<\/strong><\/p>\n R\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qua n\u1ed9i soi kh\u1edbp.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, khi ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i soi ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed5 m\u1edf v\u00e0o l\u1ea5y b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam. Sau m\u1ed5 b\u00f3 b\u1ed9t<\/a> \u0111\u00f9i \u2013 c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2n ba tu\u1ea7n, sau khi b\u1ecf b\u1ed9t cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9ng, t\u1eadp \u0111i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb l\u00fd li\u1ec7u. Sau s\u00e1u tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea5p du\u1ed7i g\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u00e1y n\u1ed9i soi kh\u1edbp g\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i soi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam th\u00ec c\u1eaft b\u1ecf s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e2u l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 r\u00e1ch s\u1ee5n ch\u00eam \u1edf ph\u1ea7n r\u00eca (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1u). B\u1eb1ng ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i soi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft s\u1eeda ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h5>\n
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M\u00d4 B\u1ec6NH H\u1eccC<\/h3>\n
![\"\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng](\"https:\/\/bsvothanhtoan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Duong-rach-sun-chem-theo-Trillat-A-2-300x155.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
TRI\u1ec6U CH\u1ee8NG L\u00c2M S\u00c0NG V\u00c0 C\u1eacN L\u00c2M S\u00c0NG<\/h3>\n
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![\"Nghi\u1ec7m](\"https:\/\/bsvothanhtoan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Nghiem-phap-Apley-3--300x275.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Nghi\u1ec7m](\"https:\/\/bsvothanhtoan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Nghiem-phap-Mc-Murray-3-180x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
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CH\u1ea8N \u0110O\u00c1N X\u00c1C \u0110\u1ecaNH V\u00c0 CH\u1ea8N \u0110O\u00c1N PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T<\/h3>\n
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TI\u1ebeN TRI\u1ec2N V\u00c0 BI\u1ebeN CH\u1ee8NG<\/h3>\n
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\u0110I\u1ec0U TR\u1eca<\/h3>\n
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